3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars

We analyze 5108 AFGKM stars with at least five high precision radial velocity points as well Gaia and Hipparcos astrometric data utilizing a novel pipeline developed in previous work. find 914 signals periods longer than 1000\,d. Around these signals, 167 cold giants 68 other types of companions are identified by combined analyses velocity, astrometry, imaging data. Without correcting for detection bias, we estimate the minimum occurrence rate wide-orbit brown dwarfs to be 1.3\%, significant dwarf valley around 40 $M_{\rm Jup}$. also power-law distribution host binary fraction beyond 3 au similar that found single stars, indicating no preference multiplicity dwarfs. Our work reveals nine sub-stellar systems (GJ 234 B, GJ 494 HD 13724 b, 182488 39060 b c, 4113 C, 42581 d, 7449 984 b) have previously been directly imaged, many others observable existing facilities. Depending on their ages an additional 10-57 objects within our sample can detected current facilities, extending imaged (or old) order magnitude.